Nowadays computer graphics is gaining strength, gaining its place in the global market and has more than an above-average response. Its main objective is to create objects, if possible, to make it look genuine. It is also used in terms of real life, digital photography, and few people are aware that the images created by man are also in the world of graphics.
We can see there is a lot of experience of this found in almost all information technology areas. In the 21 century, when computers first become part of our lives, graphics was regarded as an essential element. Computer games are the proof of this. Each has its own graphics capabilities and these are getting better all the time and becoming more popular. This area is so broad that it is now competing with the range of film, as well as in the medical and industrial sectors, etc.
As the name tells us, computer graphics is a combination of then words "computer and graphics. The concept of computer graphics is quite normal for us. But this title has not always been used. Until the early sixties, is was associated with the concept designer William Fetter and to him has been attributed the use of this name. For the first graphics program Sketchpad was considered, whose birth in 1963 was created by Ivan Stuherland. After this big breakthough, IBM led the market for so-called "computer graphics". What for us is now commonplace, ie the graphical interface such as icons, symbols, was in the 80 years considered a novelty. Until 1995, when computer graphics came upon the screen, in the form of the animated film Toy Story.
Computer graphics are divided in terms of computer science into several sectors. We will discuss the three-dimensional objects. 3D graphics is determined by coordinates x, y, z. Each object consists of several polygons, which makes the whole house. Essential tools for 3D display include work with the material, shading, perspective camera, choice of views.
Characteristic for applications such as 3D modeling or shaping. Another is the texturing, and it is used in the context map generation, which is applied to each of several layers using UV mapping. Rendering allows users to achieve such a result, an object that looks like a realistic and this term we talk about virtual reality. And the last is the animation, which means the movement of lights, cameras and more. This just uses our animation program Blender, which we will address modeling fractal objects.
1 Analysis – options blender
Blender is one of the newest software, whose use is mainly focused on 3D modeling and animation. Today is one of the dominant programs and becoming a graphic power, possessing the instruments of comparable programs such as Cinema 4D, Rhino and 3D Studio Max
Although it was initially intended for commercial purposes, and later became a freely distributed open source software under the GNU GPL. It follows that the whole program for free. Its advantage is the support of the Czech language, which the graphics programs is usually no
Blender has become a multi-platform, so it is executable on all platforms. From Windows, Mac OSX, FreeBSD, NetBSD over Linux, Irix and Solaris. Think, also to save disk space, takes up about 15MB, so not only freely available but also the austerity program. In terms of coding referring to the language C and C + +. So developers have come into their own.
Its origin is associated with 1995 and by NeoGeo. When Dutch developer Ton Roosendaal is credited with the creation of Blender. The program is also associated with the company N & N, which in 2001 introduced a paid version. The company not only dealt with the animation program, but also its other products
A year later came a turning point, when the company fell into financial distress and collapsed. But led by Ton Roosendaal, Blender organization was founded Foundation, which is still working on the development of Blender, a nonprofit organization. After many discussions with creditors and the company finally agreed to a compromise. For € 100,000, which is get in about seven weeks paid license this program.
So the program became 100.000 Blender free software. Blender is year after year continues to evolve. Programmers and volunteers around the world are trying to restore the program and creates new possibilities and frontiers of 3D graphics.
Verze 1.00 ( January 1995)
begin to develop a new animation program Blender, under the auspices
of NeoGeo
Verze 1.3x ( June 1995)
NaN based company, which later presents a paid
version of the program
Verze 2.25 ( October 2002)
newly used Python scripts which are used for Blender
Verze 2.26 ( February 2003)
Blender became Open Source
Verze 2.28 ( July 2003)
perhaps the biggest surprise of the TOR becomes here. soundtrack.
Users will specify movement and sound.
Verze 2.30 ( October 2003)
the programmers in this release prior to the appearance of focus and
clarity for users. Not only in terms of colour, but also adapted to the scroll
bar. Strong supplementing the back button.
Verze 2.34 (July 2004)
there were some of the biggest improvements to the program. The
addition of a system for creating smoke, snow and fire.
Verze 2.37 ( May 2005)
this creates a tool for moving, transparent shadows ... etc
Verze 2.41 ( January 2005)
however, on this version were not so big changes. Needless to say,
it was the repair
and improvement program in Game Engine.
1.3 Blender as an animation program
Blender is a tool for creating animation, rendering, modelling, working with materials and as such contains a number of tools for creating fractals, human faces and figures, animations and more. It also contains Game Engine, allowing people to create computer games, movies and buildings. Along with rendering Yafray [1] is completely free. Blender can still expand by Python scripts, or using the element library.
Blender gets more and more to its popularity. Worth mentioning is the fact that it was filmed several animated films. The year 2005 also binds Project Orange, which was created for the production of animated films. Elephants and dreams about one of the best known is twenty - seven minute film Murnau Vampire. A Computer Game Project Apricot or YoFrankie.
User Interface
All the windows
can be switched to several different environments according to your ideas
the use of undo, which was not in earlier
versions of activated
the choice of 23
different languages including Czech
the distribution
of the work area to several other
the possibility
of taking notes
to set the
custom interface on all platforms
Sets
the creation of the skeleton
allowing the representation and deformation
of bone mass and its temperature
Modelling
modelling of 3D and 2D characters
the use of 3D objects in a set menu
the creation or rounded edges, and add the
python scripts
the aid of mathematical functions - Boolean
algebra
Rendering
material options
of fogging, landscapes, maps
Animation
the animation can be played alone, and its
sound
there is also the option to display the
skeleton animation
the addition of Python scripts for creating
animation
enjoyment
of IPO
Shading
the mixing of several materials
the shadow maps, landscapes, figures
UV expand
a UV strata
the mapping
Imaging composition
layering on file
Physics and particles
of moving particles such as water, hair,
wind
for Realtime 3D / Game Creation
including support for dynamic sound effect
does not require knowledge of programming
Files
about how to store images, audio, animation
and video
the possibility of packaging a file to save
memory
the store with the ending. blend
the opening of objects with a. jpg,. TGA.
png, etc.
In this section referring to the actual installation of Blender. As we said at the beginning, we include the animation program between multiplatform. Here we describe a few installations, but since this work we deal with the Windows environment, we focus more on him.
1.4.1 Installation for Windows
Blender installation packages can be found on many websites. For easy download, but we choose www.blender3d.org homepage. Here you can find the latest version of Blender, but also fans of older versions have also come into their own. The user here selects from two options, which he prefers.
Options for installing Blender:
installation of
Blender with the ending. exe
no - installation
the program ending with Blender. zip
1.4.2 Installation step by step
We have chosen to install Blender 2.49b Installer (10.5 MB). How do you suggest we bracket, the installation is excessively low for this program
We saved a package called Blender to any location on your computer. Now we are going a step by step how to install Blender.
Picture n. 1: Installing Blender
Source: Downloaded from BLENDER, blender.org/ [online]. 2005 - 2009 [cit. 2009-31-12]. Available from WWW: http://www.blender.org/
1) start the installation by running the Blender - 2.49b-Windows.exe. Here we welcome guide, but the installation is in English. Guide tells us to click Next>. And also we choose.
2) The second step introduces the licensing agreement. This consists of nine parts, which depends on the user if you read them.
3) Later we have to choose what you want to install. We select each check box and continue clicking Next>.
4) Collect the possibility of imposing a Blender.
5) Again you choose, but now the folder you want to install.
6) The last step, it is the installation itself. However, it is also a need to install python scripts. At that guide us Blendrem attention. Www.python.org find on all platforms.
7) After installation, we will finish button and the key will automatically run the program. Therefore, we have successfully completed the installation.
1.4.3 Installing in other environments
Subchapter at the very end we look back at other user's environment. What is installation and what are their options
Installing for Linux
the installation
with a choice of ending bz2 6 variants
ranging in size
from 15-19 megabytes
For Mac OSX
no –
installation the program ending with Blender. zip, bz2
a size 14, 24MB
Installing for FreeBSD
the installation
with the ending. gz
Installing for Solaris
the only
installation variant extension bz2
about 20
megabytes is required
Installing for Irix
a choice of
three options -. gz, gzip, tgz
with a size of
20 MB
1.5.1 Blender start up
We told you several fundamental rules of the program now and then, finally proceed to the practical part of Blender. After opening with Blender you will see two windows. One deals with the script errors and the second, but we are more interested in the program itself is Blender. Window to turn off scripts as you would shut down the entire program.
Picture n. 2: Properly installed with Python scripts
Source: Own
Picture n. 3: Program showing error in Python scripts
Source: Own
In some cases it happens that appear in this table. The reason is that we are missing python scripts. You can find the site, which we said earlier in the chapter.
1.5.2 Environment Blender for Windows
The user at first you will probably confused about. As Blender has many menus and buttons. However, Blender uses a sub application window, so he did not obscure any icons. However, the progressive knowledge of keyboard shortcuts, which is on offer, we will facilitate the operation. I do not say later. Now we meet with his working environment.
 |
|||
 |
|||
Main panel
User setting
Light
Curzor
3D
menu Camera
 |
Button panel
Picture n. 4: Work environment Blender
Source: Own
Now we will describe the various parts that will later need to model objects.
On the desktop, we see three windows, which are divided according to their functions:
Upstairs is the main menu, with whom he also familiar. After the first icon click - click we extract several menus that allow us to quickly move to another application. And in terms of 3D View button, which is situated in the middle bar environment, which belongs to the Windows Buttons bottom and back to return to the main part of the User Preferences, which are now described
User Preferences
At first glance it may seem to us that this is a very small user interface. However, the displacement of the bar downward, we will further 7 bids. When you press each of the 7 buttons, we offer specific details on that button.
a) Button View & Controls
It is probably one of the most comprehensive set of work with the program. The most important one especially if Blender works with three-button mouse. Since the work in Blender involves using a 3-button mouse and you are a user with two button mouse, just use ALT + LMB.
b) Second Edit button Methods
Choice is to set the TOR. Undo or to step back. How many steps we want to remember this program. Another option is the choice of copying. What we want, then copy it into the new building.
c) Click on Language & Font
As our name suggests, this is a change in language. There is a choice of 23 different languages, including Czech. Underneath are three under button type: Tooltips, Buttons, Toolbox.
d) Themes
It is another in a series of buttons to identify areas in which Blender will work. An integral part of the Default button and Rounded, which is different custom looks.
Picture n. 5: User interface type Default
Source: Own
Picture n. 6: User interface type Rounded.
Source: Own
e) Auto Save
It serves to continuously save your work. The user can set the interval after which wants to impose his work.
f) The last icon belongs to the key name System & OpenGL.
It is recommended for more advanced users. It deals with the graphic processing elements.
We name a concise set of Blender. If some users can modify to your liking and then turn off the program. Then follows the opening of the new finds that Blender has remained in its original settings before changing them. This can prevent the command from the File menu - Save Settings default., Or Ctrl + U.
.
Working with Files
Blender saves all files with a. If the user no –name blend file, Blender will automatically name assigned to him. However, the user of his choice rather than saving. The downside for some, however, will control keys. This is Blender from other Windows programs are different.
Own environment
As we said in previous sections. It can set your own environment Blender. Now, however, show desktop settings. Divide it into several parts. At the bottom are two tracks. We are not moving into the middle of your mouse. Then we see a double arrow. When you press the right button, we will unpack several ways in which we choose Split area. You then decide what we want to temper your desktop.
Picture n. 7: Distribution of desktop via Split area.
Source: Own
3D work window
Or if the work area in which we work. Here we see all of our created works. The basic menu consists of a square of light and Camera. Square, in which there is a circle with arrows defining coordinates gives us the orientation in the environment. The new building, we always see just where is the circle.
When you start the camera will also appear, but this may not be. However, in the Add menu, you can add it. This tool provides us with the so-called view from the camera. Last and important part of the light. We illuminate the object by the user.
.
In each such environment, you can set different views. And either the camera view, side view or top view. Grid shut down by pressing the Floor. All also makes easy with keyboard shortcuts.
Screen and Scene
Blender allows us to layout a few scenes and using custom settings User Preferences. You can switch between different scenes.
Layers
In any 3D program, we see layers and Blender is no exception. We are talking about 20 layers of possibilities. Switching is by using numeric keys.
Buttons Windows
Latest and most popular window Blender consists of 6 offers. Each has its purpose. There are countless functions. Eg. panel for the game logic panel for shading, the python scripts.
Blender is a perfect tool for creating computer games or a professional animation. Becomes only the tip of the open source software, but also between 100. 000 animation programs.
Detail, we told Blender in a Windows environment, but we must also look for Linux software, which is great its competitors. For Linux there are several installation options so you can choose to install both static and dynamic well. These two variants differ primarily in their abilities. Dynamic installation accepts all the drivers that are installation , but static, some recognized and drivers must be added that the respect for the graphics card. Installing Linux is a bit trickier than for Window.
In the desktop or in a whole different way. Files saved are going to open a Linux on Windows or other platforms. Blender as a program runs faster on Linux as on Windows, because Linux does not burden the CPU much. The advantage is that it is free software, unlike Windows. Linux has some advantages and disadvantages for the program, but I think more development reaches just Windows.
1.7 Keyboard shortcut
Each program as well as Blender has its keyboard shortcuts. This allows us to better focus the program and save time. As a beginner searching for a single command and will take a minute here.
Legenda: Key Ctrl + Key Shift + Key Alt + Key Ctrl + Shift + Key
Ctrl + Alt + Key
Picture n. 8: Distribution of keys on the mouse
Source: Own
Picture n. 9: Breakdown of user keys and numeric keypad
Source: Own
We have introduced a number of abbreviations to facilitate the program. The figures have described the keyboard shortcuts. Now we have several explanations for the issues and types of tricks and how to operate the program.
A S D G
Selection/Marking of all Scale Draw mode Transfer
Usány the size and rotation Save
Adding animation Attaching Copy Selected group
Using animation Size Location
Using transformation
Copy Size standards
Z
Wire / size
Step -Undo
Wire / shading
Wire / material
G: move the object
R: rotate
S: resizing
A: The designation of all elements on your desktop
Tab: Edit mode
X: lubrication
B: Multiple choice
M: Layer
Types and tricks
Ctrl restricts transformation steps
Shift work allows a better
Ctr - C and Ctrl-V are buttons for copying and pasting text and color
If you press twice in a row R, you can rotate under
1.8 Blender in term sof coding
In previous sections we familiar with Blender as the animation program in terms of 3D tools. But now we will focus on Blender part of programming. In the program, we meet with three programming languages. The main part of the so-called base is written in C language for the creation of so-called game of logic and render Game Engine yafray use C + + language. And finally, last and probably most famous script, which is for users of Blender, a very important called Python. We will be most interested in him just because Blender allows you to create user in this language options other tools in the program.
Most animation programs has its own plug-ins, which makes the program better or create your own user script. For many programs, it is so that the plugins are compiled and placed in a directory and then work with program. So in Blender is just the reverse. Blender uses the plugins in the form of Python. This language also used by other graphics programs such as Maya or Photoshop
1.8.1 Python programming language
Its origin is associated with 90th years of last century, when Guido van Rossum is credited with the creation of this programming language. Python distinguishes between uppercase and lowercase letters, and creates data structures. Working with complex numbers, whole, with strings, etc. The structure recalls the language C.
Python versus C language
Looking back to the history of programming languages, are clearly winning the programming language C. This overlapping twenty years. Generally it is said that the C language is faster than Python. But is not it, so true. In terms of Python programming at a higher level and simpler language. Thus, as he becomes faster.
Python and Blender
Since Python is Open Source Software to run on all platforms for Blender is the right choice. Blender Python terms are divided into two parts: the Game Engine and Blender. Its additional benefit lies in the fact that Blender provides to its Desktop 3D window, which you can allocate for programming. After processing Python scripts to us when you start the console, which controls whether the script is in order. In any errors generated in the console application errors.
Installing Python
Basic scripts can be found on the website, which we mentioned in previous sections. They installed using an installation package. As but one can add to the scripts themselves, there are two variants of Python plugins. And either file with a. Blend, which is inserted directly into Blender. And the second option, and it is a file ending with. Py, who works with text windows Editor. If we wanted more insight into this area, we would find that there are import or export plugins.
The Blender can be programmed using the available modules that operate on specific activities. Most scripts are concentrated on the fractal. Since the program does not use some of the modules you need to install the Python programming language and there. But it depends on the user's advancement. There are probably over 100 python scripts, the user may be ready to run
Now we will consider a simple example Python script
Example 1: Taking advantage of a model for creating Mesh square
import Blender // load module Blender
from Blender import NMesh // working with objects Mesh
me = NMesh. New () // create a new Mesh object
# me = NMesh. GetRaw () // provides data acquisition
v = NMesh. Vert (1.0,0.0,0.0) // add vertex
me.verts. append (v)
v = NMesh. Vert (1.0,1.0,0.0)
me. verts. Append (v)
v=Nmesh. Vert (0.0,1.0,0.0)
me. verts. Append (v)
v=NMesh. Vert (0.0,0.0,0.0)
me. verts. Append (v)
f=NMesh. Face () // a face
f.v.append (me. verts [ 0 ]) // vertex assignment
f.v.append (me. verts [ 1 ])
f.v.append (me. verts [ 2 ])
f.v.append (me. verts [ 3 ])
me. faces. Append (f )
NMesh. PutRaw (me, “Plane“ ) // adding a new object in the scene
Blender. Redraw () // redraw scene
This is a script that uses Mesh model for creating a square. Here we use four vertices, which we creating area. Later joins the scene. [2]
Command from Blender import NMesh us determines what we put module. You can choose from a wide range of modules, but we mention the most important. And thus, for example, modules of type Image, World, Lamp, Texture, Camera, Material. We have chosen NMesh.
Another command me = NMesh. New () and me = NMesh. GetRaw () both perform similar functions. Command = NMesh me. New to us is a new mesh, and me = NMesh. GetRaw (a) ensure the acquisition of data.
Now we will work with the vertices and using the command = NMesh. Vert (1.0,0.0,0.0). As we already bracket suggests, it is in the field of 3D graphics. And therefore it is the coordinates x, y, z me.verts command. append (v) represents a vertex.
Step f = NMesh.Face () are the commands that generates space and the command associated with FV append determines how many vertex triggers. My commandments. Faces. Append (f) are assigned to the mesh. At the end of the command calls us Nmesh. PutRaw (me, "Plane") and the final command Blender. Redraw () we generate the entire scene.
Example 2: Insert a script with the ending. Blend
Picture n. 10: Insert a script with the ending. Blend
Source: Own
On the left of the desktop is working with tools. Which is consistent with knives. On the right side are two windows, which allows Blender for writing Python scripts and notes. Source code is also colour coded
As it is, but this work is based on fractal modelling of objects we are familiar with this topic only marginally. There are many guides that deal with this problem. Therefore, it will not be further apart.
Control questions:
1) Explain the concept of Computer Graphics
2) Who is considered the founder of „Computer Graphics“
3) Development of Computer Graphics
4) The first graphical program
5) What is the shortcut key A?
6) The concept of Blender (for what it is, platforms, history ... ..)
10) What are the icons will be run when you open the program?
11) Describe each of the middle work Blender
13) Advantages and disadvantages of Linux and Windows for the program Blender
14) What is the shortcut key R, S?
15) Which programming language used Blender?
2 USE OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR 3D FRACTAL IMAGES
Since the goal is modelling fractal objects, you need to know them more deeply. Fractal geometry is classified among the sciences reaching into many other areas. Since we are in the 21of fractal century we are talking about in connection with computer graphics. Here are more details of articulation and endlessly dissected the concept of service is the antithesis of geometrically smooth body, which is described by Euclidean geometry.
In terms of computer graphics, fractal geometry is one of the most complex objects, but after closer examination shows that it is a simple object construction.
With fractals, we meet at every step. Some of us even know what a fractal is. Its definition is not exactly teach, so at least try to approach her. It is a geometric object that is divided into smaller equal parts. The so-called self - Similar, when small pieces are copies of the entire building. For more acquaintance be found in nature in the form of snowflakes, leaves, mountains.
The fractals can also be mentioned in connection with the human body. The brain is the clear evidence, which is divided into smaller parts like themselves. In the human body as a fractal is not only brain but also the DNA helix, blood cells and many others. In terms of talking about mathematical equation, which is based on the response of the Ku repeated calls of "self".
Recently in computer graphics, fractals have the greatest application. Opens up opportunities for the study of fractal geometry as a science field. Find widely available graphics programs for their modelling. There are several types of fractals for modelling itself and several kinds of methods. Among the most popular methods include scanning, animation, procedural modelling. We will discuss modelling with Blender, but find application in other programs fractals. Among other things we will use the program called AFractal who are closer to the Mandelbrot set, and Julius, they will apply the knowledge in the third chapter.
The definition of fractals, although scientists and artists, to some extent tried before and BB Mandelbrot (fractals are indeed more recently seen virtually everywhere in the surrounding countryside alive and dead), their description was very vague and incomplete, so the BB Mandelbrot law ascribed primacy .
2.1.2 Fractal
The word fractal is still discussed, but not in connection with geometry. Got its name from the Latin word origins fractus or broken. As we said in the previous section, a fractal has never been defined. However Bendit B. Mandelbrot approached the definition of fractal.
The definition of fractals, although scientists and artists, to some extent even before attempting BB Mandelbrot (fractals are indeed more recently seen virtually everywhere in the surrounding countryside alive and dead), their description was very vague and incomplete, so the BB Mandelbrot law ascribed primasy
The word fractal is still discussed, but not in connection with geometry. Got its name from the Latin word origins fractus or broken. As we said in the previous section, a fractal has never been defined. However Bendit B. Mandelbrot approached the definition of fractal.
„Fractal geometry is a set or body whose Hausdorff dimension is (strictly) greater than the topological dimension“. Benoit B. Mandelbrot
2.1.3 Division of fractal objevte into categories
From the perspective of computer graphics, it is important that the fractal objects falling into the same category are formed by similar algorithms (their shape is different, of course). According to the coarsest partition (which you will in other parts of the series soften) distinguish the following types of fractals:
Dynamical systems with a fractal structure
on L-systems
Systems of functions IFS
the stochastic fractal (irregular fractals)
Dynamical systems are the group (or category) fractals, which has the widest application of technical practices. Dynamical system is a mathematical model, whose state is dependent on some independent variables, it is usually on time - there is also the name derives these systems. Dynamic system based on the initial conditions and is determined by time. This case, which in some respects recalls the irrational numbers, the majority of fractal dynamics and identifies with (for some meaningless) term deterministic chaos
L-systems
L-systems, which are in some literature also referred to as "Lindenmayer systems, fractals are a group defined by rewriting grammars. It is noted that the name comes from the English abbreviation LOGO-like turtle. LOGO is yet known programming language designed for teaching programming, which is based on Lisp. The language is simple commands controlling virtual turtle moving through the area can draw different shapes composed mostly of line. [3]
IFS systems
Creating images using IFS systems are among the generative method of creating fractals, which we rank among the deterministic methods. Algorithm for generating IFS fractals may be both deterministic and nondeterministic (ie, stochastic - see other works presented algorithm RWA). Work with IFS is one of the frequently used applications, procedural modelling of solids. In a large number of cases, however, is merely a tool to support without further follow-up to the entire three-dimensional scene.[4]
It is therefore very appropriate to introduce the generating fractals chance. The way in which randomness is involved in generating the fractal will always determine the shape and fractal among other characteristics and its Hausdorff dimension. For generating random numbers are used, for example Gaussian generator or generator white buzz..
2.2 Concepts related to fraktal
Dimension
The central concept in examining the fractal dimension plays both topological dimension, fractal dimension and (sometimes also called the Hausdorff dimension of the German Jewish professor Felix Hausdorff).
Topological dimension
Geometrically smooth objects that can describe the classical Euclidean geometry, have integer dimension, also called topological dimension (the examination of fractals, scientists have just remained valid to this dimension).
If you simplify the issue, we can say that the topological dimension determines the number of parameters (independent variables), which is the body (or any point on the body) to describe. For example, the point is zero dimension, since he described the relationship P = X (ie, a constant vector) and the abscissa is equal to one dimension, because it can describe the relation yt = y0 + kt, where is the only parameter (independent variable). Position of each point lying on a straight line can be expressed in the above relationship
Hausdorffov dimension
Attractor
Especially when describing dynamic systems IFSis frequently encountered with the term attractor. When viewing IFS systems are drawing mostly just an attractor of the dynamic system.Atraktor (English attractor) of a dynamic system is a set of states in which the system is going. In other words, a set of values, which may acquire the status vector of dynamic system over a sufficiently long time period from the initial pulse (or since the system is initialized).
Attractors can be divided into several basic categories:
attractor
of the system may be a set of fixed points (fixed points)
the
attractor can be a set of periodic points
the
attractor can be set kvaziperiodic ¬ tion points
the
attractor is chaotic
the
attractor is "strange" (strange attractor)
Chaos
The term chaos is a marked feature of such a dynamic and also deterministic ¬ tion (!) System, in which the validity is impossible to calculate the future state of the system. Chaos is especially for those dynamical systems that show great sensitivity to initial conditions. In such systems, the choice of at least two infinitely close initial points (representing the initial conditions of the system), these two points then they diverge exponentially, so the future state of the system is not possible to predict in any way.
Self - similar
Self - similar is one of the defining characteristics of fractals. As we had the name suggests. It is an object that is similar to himself. To zoom self -similar to say a simple example from nature. [5]
Take for example to me of such ferns. One sheet is the same as everyone else. If we put side by side several ferns are generally the same. Does not differ from each other. But there is some change. And at the height, rotation. But these changes are negligible for fractals. Are developed from one part of which is repeated throughout the plant. And this repetition is called self - similar
Picture n. 11: Mandelbrot set at a magnification of the set M.
Source: Own
The picture we see evidence that it is set around the perimeter of the same shape. Is called continuous.
Eukleidovs geometry
Deals with smooth geometrical units such as square, cube or sphere. They can be easily calculated and are given some properties such as surface or volume.
There are countless types of fractals, as well as plenty of mathematicians who participated in the definitions with examples of fractals. Under which these fractals are also named for the show we can show some of these objevte
Mandelbrot set
Examples include Mandelbrot set Though its name is attributed to the discovery and Benoit B. Mandelbrot, contributed to its definition, however, the Frenchman Pierre FATO. However FATO worked on his calculations only manually, but the Mandelbrot was available computer.
The general formulation of this set is n +1 = Zn2 + c. Where c acts as a complex number set, it umocníme under this formula, but z0 = 0 This is a fractal in the range [-2, -2] by [2, 2].
Picture n. 12: Mandelbrot set
Source: Own
Julius set
As for Mandelbrot Julia also takes its name after its discoverer. Operate on the principle functions of a complex iteration of the parabola, where z n +1 = z2n + c. Thus, unlike the Mandelbrot set, there is countless Julius množin.Tuto equation counting until the distance from the center point of the system is smaller as the second Therefore belongs to the set point.
Picture n.. 13: Example of Julia set
Source: Own
1) Get closer to the concept of fractal
2) Who is considered the discoverer of fractals?
3) When it was first studied fractal?
5) Which program was used for modeling of fractals?
12) Computer graphics and fractals
14) Types of fractals for modeling
3 MODELLING FRACTAL OBJECT IN BLENDER
Then proceed to the most major part of the work and the modeling itself. We will show you several techniques for modeling and creating other objects and possibly a sample animation. At the beginning you try something simple.
Example 3: Create a 3D image of the tree using a file.
Solution:
The video – 3D tree
1) First, select and download web pages from a picture - any tree. It is necessary that the file was saved with a. JPEG.
2) can now run the program and set a side view and in the 3D menu - using theView -> Front or key pad 1, which is located in the 3D menu.
Picture n. 14: Example where there is
a side view.
Source: Own
3) After staying in the 3D menu bar View -> Background image, we put our selected image. When this command, we will table in which only one command and Use Background image. After his rozkliknutí specify Load button, or when recording.
Picture n. 15:Background Image – using Picture n. 16: Background Image – recording
file Source: Own
Source: Own
4 )Blender Library shows us where we
stored our tree. But appears to us directly, where the object is,
therefore, he must now find ourselves. Once we
find the desired image to confirm the order Select Image.
Picture n 17: Libary in Blenderu
Source: Own
5) The image is loaded into Blender and it showed us the table for dimensions. But there we will need later, and therefore cancel. Then you click Plane. For him, the subject menu command Object -> Transform Properties.
Picture n.18: Embedded image type jpg.
Source: Own
Picture n. 19: Plane Order
Source: Own
6) Under Par: Set in RotX: 90,000. Under Draw wireframe can dial type. After use, we see a square that stretches around the building.
Picture n. 20: Command wireframe
Source: Own
7) Menu, select Button Panels Shading (F5) and using the Add New, then add the new object. In material menu (Material Burton) choose Textace, A Shadeless. The links and choose Pipelline ZTransp. and take full advantage of 3D Edit Mode menu.
8) On the Object, which is located in the 3D menu zvolímeUV Unwrap, or press the letter "U" on your keyboard, we expand this offer. As we mentioned in the first section of chapter can be divided into Blender using the desktop area of Split. Therefore, they divide the dvě.V right side surface view, select UV / Image Editor.
Picture n. 21: Use Edit mode
Source: Own
Picture 22: Distribution of surface
Source: Own
9) However, we greeted the sight of a blank screen. Therefore we have to reload the image from our library tree. It loads but there is another way than we were accustomed to in the previous section. This form Image -> Open, which is located in the toolbar below the image.
Picture n. 23: Distribution of area and use the UV / Image Editor.
Source: Own
10) Vrátíme se opět k Buton panelu - Editing (F9) a vybereme si z nabídky Texture Face > Twoside,Alpha. Pak změníme prostředí z Edit Mode na Object Mode. A v Draw type zvolíme Textured (3D menu).
Picture n. 24: Example of insertion of another tree.
Source: Own
11) Returning again to Button panel - Editing (F9) and select from a menu Texture Face> Twoside Alpha. Then we change the environment from Edit Mode to Object Mode. And choose the type Draw Textured (3D menu).
Picture n. 25: Image Editing
Source: Own
Picture 26: 3D tree in Blender
Source: Own
We have successfully completed the tree by inserting the image. Now you can try to establish themselves.
Example 4: Create a tree without using the insert images.
Solution:
Video – Tree in Blender
1) Before starting work you need to cancel it by pressing the cursor and the letters A and Del on the keyboard..
2)
Second step is to add a circle in the main menu Add
-> Mesh -> Circle. After completing the
order we receive a table and set it to 10 vertices and confirmed ok. We
change the look of the Front. And then the Object Mode, Edit Mode.
 |
 |
|||
 |
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Picture. 27: Use Circle Picture: Use Only Edges
Source: Own Source: Own
3) Press the keyboard letter A, which we all identify and behind it the letter E. The extrude command us, we pick Edgest OnlyFreedom models. For each completed re-enter the command description..
Picture n 29.: Modelling tree Picture n.30: Continuation of modeling
Source: Own Source: Own
4) The second branch in the same way we do. Add a few more branches in the same way a tree is ready.
Picture n. 31: A completed tree in Blender
Source: Own
5) It still needs to switch from Edit mode to Object mode, the tree got the right look.
Picture n. 32: The tree in Object Mode
Source: Own
Example 5: Display the water level
Solution:
Video - water
1) First you will delete all of our work and then put an object through the Add -> Mesh ->Plane. In the editing panel, F9, select the Mesh tools fractal.
However, some of usnever menu appears. It is therefore a need to adjust the menu by pressingTab.
Picture n.33: Using the Mesh Tools
Source: Own
2) And switch from Edit mode to Object mode, to show how an image looks. Then Switching back to the Sculpt Mode. With Sculp properties change data and Sub Strength at the 50th
3) Gradually narrows blood, when we create a lake.
Picture n.31: reducing with known levels
Source: Own
Picture, we therefore also successfully completed.
Example 6: Generate a grass surface in Blender
Solution: Grass surface
1) Select the camera view and add the object Plance using Add -> Mesh
Picture n.. 35: View Camera
Source: Own
2) Keyboard to expand the field and push the Object (F7) and the Particle
Buttons, enter Add Hair and Global Effect Brown to 0 28 and in the Visualization shaders Ref 1 PressOren nayer button and Blinn.
Picture n. 36: Extension Field
Source: Own
3) Go to the Texture Buttons -> Blend and return to the Map Materials Button Input Stand and then switch to Map -> Priview hair Stands. The maps of the change in R600, and again move on links.V Object (F5)-Children -> faces. And the keyboardF12 see the resulting image.
Picture n. 37: Extension Field
Source: Own
Picture n. 38: The image
Source: Own
Example 6: Create a landscape using the image cube, which, inter alia, will cover this landscape, while its place would belong in the landscape.
Solution:
Video - Landscape
1) First choose the image of the landscape, we chose an image created in
Terragen.Then go to the Texture panel buttons (F6) and enter the Image Texture type.
2) In section enter the Load Image or recording and choose from our library that
object. , Then click Select Image.
Picture n. 39: Uploading images
Source: Own
Picture n. 40: The library in Blender
Source: Own
3) Go to the World Buttons enter Preview -> Real and the Map -> Hori. The
FigureWe load into the bottom left region. And at the end of the Texture and
Input specify Ang Map.
Picture n. 41: Use an object embedded in the background
Source: Own
4) Just press the F12 key on the keyboard picture is complete.
As already mentioned in previous chapters, fractal geometry affects many areas of science and nature this is no exception. We show here a few pictures.
Picture n. 42: Structure of the helium
Source: Own
Picture n. 43: Structure of oxygen Option 1
Source: Own
Picture n. 44: Structure of oxygen Option 2
Source: Own
Picture n. 45: Structure of Carbon
Source: Own
Picture n. 46: Structure of Lithia
Source: Own
Working in Blender for each varied. Advancement depends on the user control program. With good knowledge of the program, the user achieves excellent results.
Picture n.. 47: Another example of fractal
Source: Own
Picture n. 48: Using Animation in Blender
Source: Own
Control
questions:
1) How to Set a side view?
2) recording the image into Blender (method)
3) Blender has its own library?
4) What is SELECT IMAGE?
5) What command to resize the image?
6) What happens when you press the letter A on your keyboard?
7) Where to find the Extrude command?
8) What happens by pressing F12?
9) Change the color of the Blender.
10) Where can I find Object Mode?
11) How can I split the desktop?
12) Copy of Blender?
13) Rotation in Blender
14) the camera view
15) Change in texture
4 CORRECTION ON THE BASIS OF FURTHER RECOMMENDED ADJUSTMENTS
This part of the chapter lies in the actual evaluation of Blender, with other 3D animation programs. We show here the difference between modelling in Blender to other 3D programs, and compared to programs dealing with fractals.
Cinema 4D
Historically, about this five years older than the animation program Blender. But unlike him, has a disadvantage in that it is classified among the commercial programs. Was developed by German company Maxon Computer as a multiplatform program. Among others, there is a Czech localization. His work is generated using polygons. It uses a tool for rendering, texture animation, and also for making animated films in the form of modules that have this program, the user can buy - for example, BodyPaint 3D.
BodyPaint 3D is one of the modules for creating texture and is not yet known additional modules for the program. BodyPaint are used for texture work.
Among other things, and here they are used plutons. There are a variety of scripts both commercial and non-commercial. Mention the example of XFrog or Fizz.
Maya
It ranks among the lesser-known programs in the country. But the performance is like the others. On the animation scene comes at the beginning of 1998. Divided into two programs available. One is commercial and the other is unlimited. Nothing less, not as full as we would have imagined. The company has also locked up the program here and using watermarks. Models as well as Cinema 4D on the principle of polygons and NURBS.
3D Studio Max
4.2 Programs specializing in the creation of fractal
Mathematica
It is used especially in scientific fields. For its creation is a team of mathematicians and programmers, the goal was to create a program for generating fractals. It is a multi-platform but it is classified in the commercial programs. Podoknout be here, there is a need to control the well in mathematics.
Terragen
This program specializes in fractal landscapes. These include freely available programs. Its handling is among nejednodušší. But it is so perfect that it has realistic images. Therefore, the application also got in on advertising, movies, games.
Picture n.49: Work in Terragen
Source: Own
Fractal Explorer
This program generates fractal images using the Mandelbrot, Julia sets. It can also generate four basic fractal on them are generally distinguished. The program uses many special effects. These include freely available programs, so too among the most widely used.
Picture n. 50: Fractal Explorer Picture n. 51: Fractal Explorer
Source: Own Source: Own
Atomsmith
It is specialized to study 3D strukutry and molecules. Is a license restriction for one month is provided to you free of charge. Designed for both Windows. Blender creates animation has its own library.
Picture n. . 50: Structure of helium in Atomsmithu Picture n. 51: Structure of the helium in Blender
Source: Own Source: Own
After obtaining information on other programs both in terms of 3D graphics and in terms of the use of fractals Blender is one of the best. Whenever possible, users especially because of its free software. For example, the formation of fractals is also an ideal program Mathematica, but is limited by its 16-day period. Later, you'll need to buy his license is not required to mention the program Cinema 4D, which has the same tools as well as Czech localization of Blender. Their equivalence is also in the form of platforms. Terragen program is more focused on generating landscapes or interferes with the advertising and film. This area is also being developed 3D Studio Max. The program is similar to the Maya Cinema 4D, that unlike the program works in two versions - commercial and noncommercial. Blender is the only renewed every three months and is open to users in the form of the delivery script. Therefore, Blender gets the best animation programs.
Control questions:
1) Matemathica
2) Terragen
3) Fractal Explorer
4) Atomsmith
5) Cinema 4D
6) Maya
7) 3D Studio Max
8) Cinema 4D run on all platforms?
9) What is the application of the program Terragen??
10) What price value for the user to move the program Fractal Explorer??
11) What platforms is executable Atomsmiht??
12) What are the advantages of Blender??
13) Is the program limited Matemathica?
14) Which program is the closest Blender??
15) How often is developing a program for Blender?
5 CONCLUSION AND EVALUATION OF PROSPOSED SOLUTIONS
Bachelor thesis complied fully with the award, which is focused on the modeling of fractal images and an introduction to Blender.
Work guides the user from the very beginning with its use. This is mainly about what such a program can do. To start referring to his capabilities in terms of 3D graphics, then the history of the program and the different versions. In another part of us through the installation in Windows, but also in other versions on other platforms. We describe each tool, what are and what other supplements have. Transitioning to the program itself, what does it start and what we have to avoid. There is described in detail with Blender desktop distribution and explanation of each button. Naturally, there is also clarification of abbreviations and the attached image in the shape of the keyboard and mouse, which describes various shortcuts. The animation program Blender, a related language Python, which is used as a Python script. The user of the program itself can be programmed some modules for later insertion into Blender. There is also a demonstration of this script.
When we say we are talking about Blender multiplatform program, which ranks among the world leaders in 3D graphics. Everyone can try this program for free, because it classifies the Open Source. But not always been free software. This program has undergone a historical development in terms of new releases as well as the owner. His company owns the NeoGeo and later animation company NaN. After a few months is always renewed with a further improvement or repair program. Indisputable advantage is that it takes up too much space. Blender animation as one of the programs used by all platforms and is therefore classified among the most popular graphics animation programs.
The second part of chapter accompanies us with fractals. We apply their knowledge of their generation using AFractal, which was specially developed for fractals. We get the Mandelbrot set, or Julius and souvisícím terms of fractals.
The most important part of this work is the formation of images in Blender. To the selected images are chosen simple procedures, so as to create an image mastered the beginner. For creating these images was chosen the latest version of Blender. There are odfoceny PrtSc using desktop step by step and highlighted the various tasks. At the end are also selected more images that can be done in Blender.
In the penultimate part of the evaluation program is owed to others. Blender vs. Maya or Cinema 4D, etc. So, which program is most suitable for the formation of fractals.
Blender is an ideal program to generate fractals and modeling itself. It contains many tools and modules associated with it that some programs are missing. It creates a unique image that looks like a real one. The animation is used in many films and commercials. Blender is by far the perfect program for 3D animation graphics.
The proposed solution has been fully implemented and a training manual for learning purposes and also for the practice of modeling and other examples of images created. Blender program here has been fully explained in detail, including the scripts.
Josefa BARTOŇOVÁ Modelling fractal objects in Blender
Bachelor Thesis. European Polytechnic Institute Ltd., Kunovice
Supervisor:Prof. Ing. Pavel OŠMERA, CSc.
Keywords:
Blender, Windows, Linux, 3D graphics, programming language,
3D menu bar, taskbar, desktop,
desktop sharing, Maya,
fractals
The aim was to create a bachelor theses from professional materials that will serve
to assist in teaching courses dealing with computer graphics.
An analysis was made of the current situation and the possibilities of programs used for 3D fractal were determined The work was mainly focused on the 3D modeling of fractals and fractal objects in Blender, and other similar programs. Later was evaluated the differences between those programs and what their advantages and disadvantages were. The whole work is processed in such a way that would be well understood even for users who are just beginning to work with 3D fractal . Each chapter contains a minimum of 15 control issues.
[1] POKORNÝ, P. Blender3D.cz [online]. 2005 - 2009 [cit. 2009-31-12].
Dostupné z WWW: <http://www.blender3d.cz/drupal/?q=python02>.
[2] POKORNÝ, P. Blender3D.cz [online]. 2005 - 2009 [cit. 2009-31-12].
Dostupné z WWW: <http://www.blender3d.cz/drupal/?q=python02>.
[3] Roosendaal,T., Wartmann, C. The official Blender 2.0 guide. Prima Tech, 001. 247
s. ISBN 0761535136.
[4] Pokorný, P. BLENDER naučte se 3D grafiku. Praha,BEN – technická literatura, 2008. 248 s. ISBN 80-7300-244-2.
[5] Mullen, T., Roosendaal, T. Introducing Character Animation with Blender.
Paperback, 2007. 672s. ISBN 978-0-470-10260-2.
[6] Roosendaal, T., Hess, R. The essential Blender: guide to 3D creation with the open
source suite Blender. No Starch Press, 2007. 371 s. ISBN 1593271662.
[7] Zelinka, I., Včelař, F., Čandík, M.
Fraktální geometrie: principy a aplikace. Praha, BEN – technická literatura, 2006. 159s. ISBN 8073001918.
[8] Blender [online]. 2008 , 3.11.2009 Dostupný z WWW:< http://www.blender.org/>
[9] POKORNÝ, P. Blender3D.cz [online]. 2005 - 2009 .
Dostupné z WWW: <http://www.blender3d.cz/drupal/?q=python02>.
[10] HANÍDEK, J. Blender 3D.cz [online]. 2005 - 2009 .
Dostupné z http://www.blender3d.cz/drupal/index.php
[11] Wikipedie : otevřená encyklopedie [online]. St. Petersburg (Florida) : Blender, 2001- , strana naposledy edit. 2008-30-11. Česká verze.
Dostupný z WWW: < http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blender>.
[12] Wartmann, C. The Blender Book. No Starch Press. 2001. 206 s. ISBN: 1-886411-44-1. Briggs, J. Fractals: the patterns of chaos : a new aesthetic of art, science, and nature. Simon & Schuster.1992. 192 s. ISBN0671742175
[13] Čandík, M., Včelař, F., Zelinka I. Fraktální geometrie – principy a aplikace, Praha, BEN –, technická literatura 2006. 160 s. ISBN 80-7300-191-8.
[14] Fraktály v počítačové grafice [online]. Praha: Root.cz, 2003 [cit. 2010-01-03].
Dostupný z WWW:<http://www.root.cz/clanky/fraktaly-v-pocitacove-grafice-i/>. s. 1
LMB left mouse button
RMB right mouse button
MMB mouse button MMB
GNU GPL Public License
PrtSc called photographing screen
IPO editor
Figure
1: Installing Blender
Figure 2: Properly installed with Python scripts
Figure 3: Program showing error in Python scripts
Figure 4: Work environment
Blender
Figure 5: User interface type Default
Figure 6: User interface type Rounded.
Figure 7: Distribution of desktop via Split area.
Figure 8: Distribution of keys on the mouse
Figure 9: Breakdown of user keys and numeric keypad
Figure 10: Insert a script with the ending. Blend
Figure 11: Mandelbrot set at a magnification of set M.
Figure 12: Mandelbrot set
Figure 13: Example of Julius sets
Figure 14: Example where there is a side view
Figure 15: Background Image - use
Figure 16: Background Image - Recording
Figure 17: The library in Blender
Figure 18: Embedded image type jpg
Figure 20: Command wireframe
Figure 19: Plane Order
Figure 21: Using Edit Mode
Figure 22: Distribution of surface
Figure 23: Distribution of area and use the UV / Image
editor.
Figure 24: Example of entering the second tree
Figure 25: Image Editing
Figure 26: 3D tree in Blender
Figure 27: Use Circle
Figure 28: Use Edges Only
Figure 29: Modelling tree
Figure 30: Continuation of the modeling
Figure 31: A completed tree in Blender
Figure 32: The tree in Object Mode
Figure 33: Using the Mesh Tools
Figure 34: reducing with known levels
Figure 35: View Camera
Figure 36: Extension Field
Figure 37: Generation of grass
Figure 38: The image
Figure 39: Uploading images
Figure 40: The library in Blender
Figure 41: Use an object embedded in the background
Figure 42: Structure of the helium
Figure 43: Structure of a variant of oxygen
Figure 44: Structure of oxygen Option 2
Figure 45: Structure of Carbon
Figure 46: Lithia
Figure 47: Another example
of fractal
Figure 48: Using Animation in Blender
Figure 49: Work in Terragen
Figure 50: Fractal Explorer
Figure 51: Fractal Explorer
Figure 52: Structure of helium in Atomsmithu
Figure 53: Structure of helium in Blender
List of annexes
Suplement 1: Keyboard abbreviations
Suplement 2:Video - 3D Tree
Suplement 3:Video - Grass surface
Suplement 4:Video- Tree in Blender
Suplement 5:Video - Installing Python skripts
Suplement 6:Video - Installation is complete
Suplement 7:Video - CHanging your settings
Suplement 8:Video – Landscape
Suplement 9:Video – Installing Blender